An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Japan due to Escherichia coli O166.

To the Editor: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) was originally found as an enterotoxin of EaggEC (1). Recently, Yamamoto et al. (2) reported that the EAST1 gene, or its variants, were present not only in EAggEC but in other diarrheagenic E. coli, including some entero-pathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Hedberg et al. (3) found that an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness in 1991 had been caused by EAST1-producing E. coli that possessed the EPEC gene locus for enterocyte effacement. We propose that E. coli producing EAST1 but possessing no other identifiable pathogenic properties may compose either a new group of diarrhea-associated E. coli or a new subgroup of ETEC. became ill. The patients did not eat any common foods except the lunch served at the office. The mean incubation period was 17 hours. Stool specimens of 33 patients were examined, and E. coli O166 with an unidentifi-able H antigen were isolated from 29 specimens. Laboratory tests for other bacterial pathogens and viruses were negative. The isolates showed the same DNA banding pattern in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after treatment with the restriction enzymes Xba I or Not I. The E. coli O166 organisms did not adhere to HEp-2 cells in a localized, diffuse, or enteroaggregative manner and did not give mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human or bovine red blood cells. Although the organisms were further analyzed for expression of known ETEC colonization factors by a dot-blot assay using specific monoclonal antibodies, they did not express CFA CFA/III. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, the bacteria did not have coding genes for verocytotoxin of enterohemorrhagic E. coli, heat-labile, or heat-stable enterotoxin of ETEC, attachment and effacement (eaeA) of EPEC, or invasion (invE) of enteroinvasive E. coli. Consequently, they are not assigned to any of the recognized diarrheagenic groups of EAggEC, and diffusely adhering E. coli. According to the PCR method of Yamamoto et al. (2), however, the organisms possessed the EAST1 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an outbreak caused by EAST1-producing E. coli that did not have other well-characterized virulence genes. We believe that these strains should be assigned to a new subgroup of ETEC. Such strains would not be detected in most current surveys for diarrheagenic E. coli, as tests for EAST1 are rarely included. The role of EAST1 in pathogenicity has been controversial. We propose that diarrheal specimens be examined …